ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT ELECTRONIC REPAIRS

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All capacitors have a certain amount of resistance to the passage of AC current. ESR (Equivalent 
Series Resistance) is the sum of all internal resistances of a capacitor measured in Ohms. 
An ideal capacitor has ZERO ohms ESR. From the diagram below you can see a resistor in series
with a “PERFECT CAPACITOR”. The value of the resistor is called ESR. 

                         
                                                       MODEL OF CAPACITOR

Electrolytic Capacitors have a tendency to increase its ESR overtime due to drying or corrosion. High 
ESR is a frequent problem in today’s electronic circuit. Even a 1 or 2 ohms rise in ESR can cause  
complicated problems. Under normal conditions the ESR has a very low value, which stays that way 
for many years unless the rubber seal is defective, in which case the electrolyte’s water component 
gradually dries out and the ESR creeps up with time. The increase in ESR increases both voltage 
drops within the capacitor and the heat, produced in the capacitors due to resistive heating. If you 
don’t check for ESR, you may be in for a “TOUGH DOG” repair. High ESR is the first sign of a 
capacitor failure. High ESR will cause complete circuit failure, over heating of capacitor, loading 
of the circuit, overstressing of other circuit components and other undesirable effects. 
         

Because measuring an electrolytic capacitor with an analog or digital capacitance meter can MISLEAD 
a technician into believing that a defective capacitor is good. This can waste your precious time and 
you are unable to repair the equipment. Which means you can’t charge your customer! If you don’t 
test for ESR on the capacitor, you will always miss the bad capacitor. Normally, these bad capacitors 
have high ESR reading which your normal multimeter or digital capacitance meter can’t measure. 
Only by using the ESR meter, you will be able to measure the ESR on the capacitor and you will not 
be fooled by capacitors with bad ESR. ESR meter can even work IN-CIRCUIT, which means you don’t
have to solder out the capacitor in order to measure it using normal capacitor tester, which would not 
be accurate anyway.

There are several websites that sells new ESR meter while some you can download for free (on how to 
built a new ESR meter):
www.eds-inc.com
www.anatekcorp.com
www.testequipmentdepot.com/b+k%20precision/885.htm
www.tenma.com
www.creatronica.com.ar
http://clientes.netvisao.pt/greenpal/
http://www.beltzer.co.il
http://www.fotronic.com/b+k%20precision/881.htm
http://members.cox.net/ceama1/esr.htm
http://www.imagecomtech-sites.com/alphaEpsilon/esr-meter-model-mul3333.htm

Free download
www.qsl.net/iz7ath/web/02_brew/15_lab/06_esr/
www.albany.net/~gwoods/esr_meter/esr_meter_index.html

Some digital ESR meter have the features of checking:

» Low ohms resistor such as 0.22 ohm, 0.33 ohm and etc.
» Horizontal yoke coil winding of a picture tube, inductor and primary winding of a transformer – If a 
   shorted turn is present, the inductance drops dramatically and the meter will show the ohms 
   reading.
» Horizontal output transistor (HOT) in a monitor or TV – If an open-circuit reading is obtained, the 
   short-circuit is elsewhere. If the short-circuit remains, the transistor is faulty.
» Short-circuit in the track, usually trace to the components - You can use the ESR meter to locate 
   short-circuits on printed circuit boards by measuring the actual track resistance. If the reading 
   increases as you probe further along the track, you know you’re going in the wrong direction!
» Speakers, amplifier etc - The pulses have a fast rise/fall time, so it would probably make a crude 
   RF signal injector as well.
» The condition of both the normal and rechargeable batteries – Flat and faulty battery will have high 
   ESR.

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